Ethernet

Ethernet

Eth­er­net is a fam­i­ly of wired com­put­er net­work­ing tech­nolo­gies com­mon­ly used in local area net­works (LAN) and also wide area net­works (WAN).

Over time, Eth­er­net has large­ly replaced com­pet­ing wired LAN tech­nolo­gies by pro­vid­ing high­er bit rates, a greater num­ber of nodes, and longer link dis­tances and decent back­ward compatibility.

  • It was first stan­dard­ized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3 using a coax­i­al cable as a shared medium.
  • New­er Eth­er­net vari­ants rely on switch­es to trans­fer data over twist­ed pair (most com­mon­ly 10BASE‑T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE‑T) and fiber optic links, enabling speeds of up to 400 giga­bits per sec­ond (Gbit/s).
  • Fiber optic vari­ants of Eth­er­net (often using SFP mod­ules) are also very com­mon in larg­er net­works, offer­ing high per­for­mance, bet­ter elec­tri­cal iso­la­tion and longer dis­tances (some­times tens of kilometers).
  • In gen­er­al, the phys­i­cal medi­um does not affect the pro­to­col stack software.
  • The Eth­er­net stan­dards com­prise sev­er­al wiring and sig­nal­ing vari­ants of the OSI phys­i­cal lay­er rely­ing on Ethernet.
  • Eth­er­net is wide­ly used in both homes and indus­try, inter­work­ing well with wire­less Wi-Fi tech­nolo­gies. The Inter­net Pro­to­col is com­mon­ly car­ried over Eth­er­net, which is why it is con­sid­ered one of the key tech­nolo­gies mak­ing up the Internet.
  • With­in the OSI mod­el, Eth­er­net always pro­vides the phys­i­cal lay­er (1) and can also include the data link lay­er (2). The 48-bit MAC address was adopt­ed by oth­er IEEE 802 net­work­ing stan­dards, includ­ing Wi-FI (IEEE 802.11), as well as FDDI. 

    Ethernet Frame

    In IEEE 802.3, data­grams are either pack­ets or frames. Pack­ets describe the over­all trans­mis­sion unit includ­ing the pre­am­ble, start frame delim­iter (SFD) and car­ri­er exten­sion (if present). The frame comes after the start frame delim­iter with a frame head­er fea­tur­ing source and des­ti­na­tion MAC address­es as well as the Ether­Type field con­tain­ing either the pro­to­col type for the pay­load pro­to­col or the length of the pay­load. The pay­load data is found in the mid­dle of the frame, also includ­ing head­ers for oth­er (for exam­ple IP) pro­to­cols. The frame ends with a 32-bit cyclic redun­dan­cy check (CRC), which is used to detect cor­rup­tion of tran­sit­ing data. Eth­er­net pack­ets have no time-to-live field, which can lead to prob­lems when a switch­ing loop occurs.

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      Network Redundancy

      HSR (High-avail­abil­i­ty Seam­less Redun­dan­cy) is a redun­dan­cy pro­to­col for Eth­er­net net­works requir­ing short reac­tion times and high avail­abil­i­ty, as for exam­ple pro­tec­tion sys­tems at elec­tri­cal substations.

      Unlike com­mon redun­dan­cy pro­to­cols like RSTP, HSR reacts to any net­work com­po­nent fail­ures seam­less­ly (with­out recov­ery time) and is invis­i­ble to the application.

      PRP (Par­al­lel Redun­dan­cy Pro­to­col) is a redun­dan­cy pro­to­col for Eth­er­net based net­works requir­ing high avail­abil­i­ty and a short switchover time, as for exam­ple pro­tec­tion sys­tems at elec­tri­cal substations.

      Unlike com­mon redun­dan­cy pro­to­cols like RSTP, PRP reacts to any net­work com­po­nent fail­ures seam­less­ly (with­out recov­ery time) and is invis­i­ble to the application.

      Eth­er­net is a fam­i­ly of wired com­put­er net­work­ing tech­nolo­gies com­mon­ly used in local area net­works (LAN) and also wide area net­works (WAN).

      Over time, Eth­er­net has large­ly replaced com­pet­ing wired LAN tech­nolo­gies by pro­vid­ing high­er bit rates, a greater num­ber of nodes, and longer link dis­tances and decent back­ward compatibility.

      The Medi­um Access Con­trol (MAC) sub­lay­er pro­vides flow con­trol and mul­ti­plex­ing for the trans­mis­sion medi­um to con­trol the hard­ware that inter­acts with the wired, optic and also wire­less trans­mis­sion media in the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN data link layer.

      The MAC is accom­pa­nied by the LLC sub­lay­er, which pro­vides flow con­trol and mul­ti­plex­ing for the log­i­cal link (i.e. Ether­Type, 802.1Q VLAN tag etc.)

      A Vir­tu­al Local Area Net­work (VLAN) is a is a sub­net­work which can group togeth­er col­lec­tions of devices that are con­nect­ed to sep­a­rate phys­i­cal LANs.

      VLANs allow net­work admin­is­tra­tors to par­ti­tion a sin­gle switched net­work in order to keep net­work appli­ca­tions sep­a­rate despite being con­nect­ed to the same phys­i­cal net­work, with­out requir­ing new cabling or major changes in the cur­rent net­work infrastructure.

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      Net­work redun­dan­cy is a method to ensure net­work avail­abil­i­ty, pro­vid­ing failover when a device or net­work path fails or becomes unavailable.

      Redun­dan­cy is usu­al­ly achieved by installing addi­tion­al or alter­na­tive net­work devices, com­mu­ni­ca­tion media or equip­ment with­in the net­work infrastructure

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