IP Routing

IP Routing

IP rout­ing encom­pass­es dif­fer­ent method­olo­gies to route Inter­net Pro­to­col (IP) pack­ets with­in and across IP net­works by deter­min­ing a suit­able path to trans­fer net­work pack­ets between source and des­ti­na­tion nodes in and across IP networks.

IP Rout­ing pro­to­cols enable routers to build up a for­ward­ing table that cor­re­lates final des­ti­na­tions with next hop addresses.

  • The process relies on dynam­i­cal­ly obtained sta­tus infor­ma­tion or sta­t­ic con­fig­u­ra­tion rules to select spe­cif­ic pack­et for­ward­ing meth­ods in order to direct traf­fic one node clos­er to the final des­ti­na­tion, which may be mul­ti­ple com­put­er net­works away.
  • Net­works are man­aged and sep­a­rat­ed by gate­ways or routers pro­vid­ing the rout­ing func­tions. Routers exam­ine arriv­ing pack­ets for source and des­ti­na­tion address­ing and queue it to the cor­re­spond­ing out­go­ing inter­face accord­ing to their des­ti­na­tion address, per­for­mance met­rics and rules.
  • A rout­ing table pro­vides all encod­ed rules for inter­faces and their con­nect­ed net­works. If no require­ments for a net­work pack­et can­not be met by any rule, it is for­ward­ed to a default route. Beyond the para­me­ters for source and des­ti­na­tion, rout­ing rules can also con­tain lim­i­ta­tions on avail­able band­width, expect­ed pack­et loss rates, and spe­cif­ic tech­nol­o­gy requirements.
  • IP for­ward­ing algo­rithms con­sid­er the char­ac­ter­is­tics of the avail­able links to oth­er routers in the net­work, such as link capac­i­ty, uti­liza­tion rate, and max­i­mum data­gram size that is sup­port­ed on the link as well as the size of each pack­et and the type of ser­vice spec­i­fied in the header.
  • Most com­mon­ly, a short­est path algo­rithm is used by the rout­ing soft­ware to deter­mine the best route. Still, oth­er rout­ing pro­to­cols may use dif­fer­ent met­rics for deter­min­ing the best path by cal­cu­lat­ing the asso­ci­at­ed cost and attempt­ing to min­i­mize it for every node hop.

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      IP Protocols

      The Address Res­o­lu­tion Pro­to­col (ARP) is a com­mu­ni­ca­tion pro­to­col used for dis­cov­er­ing the link lay­er address (e.g. MAC address) that is asso­ci­at­ed with a giv­en inter­net lay­er address, com­mon­ly IPv4.

      The map­ping func­tion pro­vid­ed by ARP is crit­i­cal to the Inter­net pro­to­col suite and has been imple­ment­ed with many com­bi­na­tions of net­work and data link lay­er tech­nolo­gies, such as IPv4, Chaos­net and DEC­net using IEEE 802 stan­dards, FDDI, X.25 and Frame Relay amongst others.

      The File Trans­fer Pro­to­col (FTP) stan­dard defines an appli­ca­tion lay­er net­work pro­to­col to trans­fer files from a serv­er to a client on a com­put­er network.

      FTP is based on a client-serv­er mod­el archi­tec­ture using sep­a­rate con­trol and data con­nec­tions between client and server.

      The Hyper­text Trans­fer Pro­to­col (HTTP) is a stan­dard­ized appli­ca­tion lay­er pro­to­col for dis­trib­uted and col­lab­o­ra­tive, hyper­me­dia infor­ma­tion systems.

      Along­side HTML, HTTP facil­i­tat­ed the devel­op­ment of orig­i­nal World Wide Web, the first inter­ac­tive, text-based web browser.

      IP rout­ing encom­pass­es dif­fer­ent method­olo­gies to route Inter­net Pro­to­col (IP) pack­ets with­in and across IP net­works by deter­min­ing a suit­able path to trans­fer net­work pack­ets between source and des­ti­na­tion nodes in and across IP networks.

      IP Rout­ing pro­to­cols enable routers to build up a for­ward­ing table that cor­re­lates final des­ti­na­tions with next hop addresses.

      The Trans­mis­sion Con­trol Pro­to­col (TCP) is one of the main pro­to­cols of the Inter­net pro­to­col suite pro­vid­ing reli­able, ordered, and error-checked byte stream deliv­er­ies between host­ing appli­ca­tions com­mu­ni­cat­ing through an IP network.

      Locat­ed in the Trans­port Lay­er of the TCP/IP suite, major inter­net appli­ca­tions such as the World Wide Web, email, SSL/TLS and file trans­fers rely on or run on top of TCP.

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